How To Read Registered Cattle Papers

How to read the results

Animal names that y'all encounter in the results of a search display the animal's registration number in parentheses at the stop of the name.  You may too come across animals have codes listed in curly brackets {} between the animal name and registration number.  These codes represent either awards the animal has received or genetic abnormalities the animals is known to be tested complimentary of or a carrier of.  Currently used codes are listed beneath:

DOD = Dams of Distinction Award
SOD = Sire of Distinction Award
CHB = CHB Sire Award

HYF = Hypotrichosis Free
HYC = Hypotrichosis Carrier
DLF = Dilutor Free
DLC = Dilutor Carrier
IEF = Idiopathic Epilepsy Free
IEC = Idiopathic Epilepsy Carrier
MSUDF = Maple Syrup Urine Disease Free
MSUDC = Maple Syrup Urine Affliction Carrier
MDF = Mandibulofacial Dysostosis Free
MDC = Mandibulofacial Dysostosis Carrier

EPD�s are an estimate of an animal's genetic worth for that particular trait. An EPD is expressed in the units of measure for that trait. EPD�s are based on a combination of functioning information from an animal's full-blooded, individual and progeny performance. EPD�s tin can exist used to predict one animal's progeny performance compared to another's progeny. EPD�s can as well be used to compare the genetic worth of ane animal to the overall Hereford population average and distribution. Each calculated EPD has an associated accuracy value.

An accuracy value calculated by the genetic assay is a number betwixt 0 and one. Accurateness is a relative indicator of the confidence y'all can place in that detail EPD. The closer an accuracy is to i, the more reliable is the estimate.

Accuracy ranges from 0-99% and indicates the probability of an EPD changing with the add-on of more than progeny data.  The magnitude of possible change decreases as accurateness increases.  Accuracy beneath 75% should be regarded as low, between 76-90% equally medium and above 90% as loftier.

An EPD with an accuracy of "P" is "Pedigree Judge" and is merely the exact average of that animal's parents.

Accurateness is based on the corporeality of operation information available on the animal and its close relatives - particularly the number of progeny analyzed.  Accurateness is too based on the heritability of the trait and the genetic correlations with other recorded traits.  Hence accuracy indicates the "conviction level" of the EPD.

Regn . No: The Association Registration Number of the animal.

Name: The registered proper noun of the animal.

Calving Ease � Direct (CE) :
CE EPD is based on calving ease scores and birth weights and is measured on a per centum. CE EPD indicates the influence of the sire on calving ease in females calving at ii years of age. For example, if sire A has a CE EPD of 6 and sire B has a CE EPD of -2, and then yous would expect on average if comparably mated, sire A�s calves would be born with an 8% more likely chance of being unassisted when compared to sire B�s calves.

Nativity Weight (BW) :
BW EPD is an indicator trait for calving ease and is measured in pounds. For example, if sire A has a BW EPD of 3.half dozen and sire B has a BW EPD of 0.6, and then you would await on average if comparably mated, sire A�south calves would come iii lb. heavier at birth when compared to sire B�s calves. Larger BW EPDs usually, but non ever, indicate more calving difficulty. The figure in parentheses plant after each EPD is an accuracy value or reliability of the EPD.

Weaning Weight (WW) :
WW EPD is an estimate of pre-weaning growth that is measured in pounds. For instance, if sire A has a WW EPD of threescore and sire B has a WW EPD of twoscore, then you would await on boilerplate if comparably mated, sire A�south calves would weigh 20 lb. heavier at weaning when compared to sire B�s calves.

Yearling Weight (YW) :
YW EPD is an estimate of post-weaning growth that is measured in pounds. For example, if sire A has a YW EPD of 100 and sire B has a YW EPD of 70, then you would expect on average if comparably mated, sire A�s calves would weigh thirty lb. heavier at a year of age when compared to sire B�s calves.

Dry Thing Intake (DMI) :
The Dry out Thing Intake EPD predicts the daily consumption of pounds of feed. For instance, if sire A has a DMI EPD of i.1 and sire B has a DMI EPD of 0.one, yous would expect sire B�south progeny, if comparably mated, to consume on boilerplate 1 pound of feed less per twenty-four hours.

Scrotal Circumference (SC) :
Measured in centimeters and adapted to 365 days of age, SC EPD is the best estimate of fertility. It is related to the bull�due south own semen quantity and quality and is also associated with age at puberty of sons and daughters. Larger SC EPDs suggest younger age at puberty. Yearling sons of a sire with a .7 SC EPD should take yearling scrotal circumference measurements that boilerplate 0.7 centimeters (cm) larger than progeny by a bull with an EPD of 0.0 cm. In the Hereford genetic analysis, a multiple-trait model was used for scrotal circumference. Weaning weight was used as a predictor variable to increase the prediction accuracy of SC EPDs. Therefore, an animal with a weaning weight EPD should besides have a SC EPD.

Sustained Cow Fertility (SCF) :
The Sustained Moo-cow Fertility EPD (SCF) is a prediction of a cow�s power to proceed to calve from three years of age through twelve years of historic period, given she calved as a two-twelvemonth-erstwhile. The EPD is expressed as a deviation in the proportion of the ten-possible calving�s to twelve years old expressed equally a probability. For instance, the daughters of a bull with a thirty EPD would take the genetic potential to have i more dogie past age twelve and then the daughters from a bull with a 20 EPD. In other words, the daughters from the 30 EPD bull would have a 10% greater probability of having 1 more calf than the bull with a 20 EPD. This is equivalent to proverb that the daughters are 10% more likely to remain in the herd to age 12.

Maternal Milk (MM) :
The milking ability of a sire�s daughters is expressed in pounds of calf weaned. Information technology predicts the difference in average weaning weights of sires� daughters� progeny due to milking ability. Daughters of the sire with a +14 MM EPD should produce progeny with 205-day weights averaging 24 lb. more (as a result of greater milk product) than daughters of a balderdash with a MM EPD of -10 lb. (xiv minus -10.0 = 24 lb.). This difference in weaning weight is due to total milk production during the unabridged lactation.

Maternal Milk & Growth (MG) :
Maternal Milk & Growth reflects what the sire is expected to transmit to his daughters for a combination of growth genetics through weaning and genetics for milking power. It is an estimate of daughters� progeny weaning weight. A bull with a 29 lb. M&G EPD should sire daughters with progeny weaning weights averaging nineteen lb. heavier than progeny of a balderdash�s daughters with a M&Thousand EPD of 10 lb. (29 minus 10 = nineteen lb.). Information technology is equal to half the sire�south weaning weight EPD, plus all of his MM EPD. No accuracy is associated with this since it is simply a mathematical combination of ii other EPDs. It is sometimes referred to as �total maternal� or �combined maternal.�

Maternal Calving Ease (MCE) :
MCE EPD predicts how easily a sires daughters will calve at ii years of historic period and is measured on a per centum. For instance, if sire A has a MCE EPD of 7 and sire B has a CE EPD of -iii, then you would look on average if comparably mated, sire A�s daughters would calve with a ten% more likely risk of existence unassisted when compared to sire B�s daughters.

Mature Moo-cow Weight (MCW) :
The MCW EPD was designed to help breeders select sires that will either increase or subtract mature size of cows in the herd. The trait was developed after years of moo-cow weight data drove and the EPD relates straight to the maintenance requirements of a cow herd. An example of how the MCW EPD allows breeders to compare sires: If sire A has a MCW EPD of 100 and sire B has an EPD of 85, then yous would expect the females of sire A, if mated to similar cows, to exist fifteen lb. heavier at mature size.

Udder Intermission (UDDR) :
Scores range from ix (very tight) to i (very pendulous) and stand for assessments of udder support. Weak udder suspension results in pendulous udders that make information technology difficult for a calf to nurse. Weak break in the udder indicates a lack of support in the ligament that ties the udder to the cow�south body wall. Over time, weakness in this ligament will allow the udder to hang downwardly also far from the body and may discipline the udder to serious problems and increased potential for injury.

UDDR EPDs are reported on the scoring calibration. Differences in sire EPDs predict the difference expected in the sires� daughters� udder characteristics when managed in the same surround. For example, if sire A has a UDDR EPD of 0.iv, and sire B has a UDDR EPD of -0.1, the difference in the values is 0.5, or half of a score. If daughters of sires A and B are raised and managed in the same environment, you would expect one-half a score better udder suspension in daughters of sire A, compared to sire B.

Teat Size (TEAT) :
Scores range from ix (very small) to 1 (very big, balloon shaped) and are subjective assessments of the teat length and circumference. Oversized teats are difficult for newborn calves to nurse, and the calf may not receive acceptable colostrum. This could atomic number 82 to a college incidence of scours or decreased immunity levels in the newborn calf.

TEAT EPDs are reported on the scoring scale. Differences in sire EPDs predict the difference expected in the sires� daughters� udder characteristics when managed in the aforementioned environment. For example, if sire A has a teat size EPD of 0.four, and sire B has a teat size EPD of -0.1, the deviation in the values is 0.five, or one-one-half of a score. If daughters of sires A and B are raised and managed in the same environment, y'all would wait one-half a score smaller teat size in daughters of sire A, compared to sire B.

Carcass Weight (CW) :
Carcass weight is a benign trait when considering the impact that pounds take relative to stop product value. At the same age abiding endpoint, sires with higher values for carcass weight will add more pounds of hot carcass weight compared to sires with lower values for carcass weight. For case, if sire A has a CW EPD of 84 and sire B has a CW EPD 64, then you would expect the progeny of sire A, if harvested at the aforementioned age constant endpoint, to have a xx-lb. advantage in terms of hot carcass weight.

Rib Fat (Fatty) :
The Fatty EPD reflects differences in adjusted 365-day, 12th-rib fatty thickness based on carcass measurements of harvested cattle. Sires with low, or negative Fat EPDs are expected to produce leaner progeny than sires with higher EPDs. Ultrasound measures are also incorporated into this trait and accept been shown to exist highly correlated with the performance of slaughter progeny. All data is expressed on a carcass scale.

Ribeye Expanse (REA) :
REA EPDs reflect differences in an adjusted 365-day ribeye expanse measurement based on carcass measurements of harvested cattle. Sires with relatively college REA EPDs are expected to produce improve-muscled and higher percent yielding slaughter progeny than will sires with lower REA EPDs. Ultrasound measurements are besides incorporated into this trait and have been shown to be highly correlated with the performance of slaughter progeny. All information is expressed on a carcass scale.

Marbling (MARB) :
MARB EPDs reflect differences in an adjusted 365-twenty-four hours marbling score (intramuscular fat, [IMF]) based on carcass measurements of harvested cattle. Breeding cattle with higher MARB EPDs should produce slaughter progeny with a college degree of IMF and therefore higher quality grades. Ultrasound measurements are also incorporated into this trait and have been shown to be highly correlated with the performance of slaughter progeny. All information is expressed on a carcass scale.

Genomic Enhanced EPDs (GE-EPD)
The American Hereford Association (AHA) has embraced the use of genomics into their genetic evaluation by launching a starting time of its kind single step assay that utilizes the mark effects of specific traits. Likewise, AHA is directly estimating accuracy values rather than approximating. The direct estimation of accuracy results in a more than conservative value but a more accurate value than previous methodologies. The AHA is producing the most reliable genetic evaluation that is supported past Whole Herd TPR� and genomics, which will give prospective buyers added confidence in purchasing young and unproven animals. Buying animals that have a genomic profile incorporated into their Expected Progeny Difference (EPD) offers many advantages that allow for quicker breed and herd improvement. Below is a tabular array showing the average increment in accurateness when ownership a young animal with a Genomic Enhanced EPD (GE-EPD) versus an animal without a GE-EPD. Similarly, an constructive progeny number increase is listed by trait that shows how many progeny equate to a genomic enhancement of a young fauna (due east.g. yearling). That�s right, buying a young animal that has been genotyped is like having ii-17 progeny, depending on the trait. The proof gained on young, non-parent animals, through a genomic enhancement is valuable and greatly mitigates the risk and allows for more directed selection.

Each animal tested is recognized with the AHA GE-EPD logo.

Profit indexes are non silver bullets! The four indexes which accept been formulated by the AHA are to be used to help Hereford breeders in using the genetic evaluations to potentially improve profitability for commercial producers. These indexes accept been designed using multiple traits. These indexes are formulated on general representations of beefiness production systems used in the U.S. and consider a group of economically relevant traits that characterize those systems. Relative economical values for this group of traits are paired upward with the EPD to produce a $ index value. The difference in the $ value of the index predicts the difference in profit. Each of the indexes utilizes crossbreeding to capture the value of heterosis. The indexes too include cost of product for all phases of production (moo-cow-dogie, feedlot and harvest). The income is derived at the carcass endpoint based on quality, weight and form and yield. The economical values are based on past values with some forecast for what economists believe the future holds. The economic values assigned to each trait can be changed at whatsoever fourth dimension that it looks to be necessary.

BMI Index
The Baldy Maternal Alphabetize is a maternally focused index that is based on a production system that uses Hereford 10 Angus cantankerous cows. Progeny of these cows are directed towards Certified Hereford Beefiness. This index has significant weight on Sustained Moo-cow Fertility, which predicts fertility and longevity of females. In that location is a slightly positive weight on Weaning Weight, Mature Moo-cow Weight and Milk which accounts for enough growth but ensures females do not increase inputs. There is some negative emphasis on Dry Matter Intake, but a positive weighting on Carcass Weight which is anticipated to provide profitability from finishing of not-replacement females and castrated males. Marbling and Rib-eye Surface area are besides positively weighted to proceed the harvested progeny successful for CHB. This alphabetize is geared to identify Hereford bulls that will be profitable when used in a rotational cross with mature commercial Angus cows.

BII Index
The Brahman Influence Alphabetize is a maternally focused alphabetize that is based on a production system that uses Brahman x Hereford cross cows. Progeny of these cows are directed towards a commodity beef market since Certified Hereford Beefiness does not take Brahman influenced cattle. This index has significant weight on Sustained Cow Fertility, which predicts fertility and longevity of females. At that place is a slightly positive weight on Weaning Weight, Mature Cow Weight and Milk which accounts for enough growth merely ensures females do not increase inputs. At that place is some negative emphasis on Dry out Matter Intake, only a positive weighting on Carcass Weight which is anticipated to provide profitability in finishing non-replacement females and castrated males. Marbling and Rib-heart Expanse are besides positively weighted to go along harvested progeny successful for a diverseness of article based programs. This index targets producers that use Hereford bulls on Brahman influenced cows.

CHB Index
The Certified Hereford Beef Alphabetize is a last sire alphabetize that is built on a production system where Hereford bulls are mated to mature commercial Angus cows and all progeny volition be targeted for Certified Hereford Beef afterwards the finishing stage. This index has pregnant weight on Carcass Weight to ensure profit on the rail. Likewise at that place is a positive weighting for Average Daily Gain forth with a negative weighting on Dry Thing Intake to ensure efficient pounds of growth in the finishing stage. Go along in mind, this production system takes reward of costless convenance with the commercial Angus cow. Although Marbling is weighted positively in this index, a positive weighting for Rib-eye Area and a negative weighting for Back Fat are a greater priority in this index to let for optimum end-product merit. This is the just index that has no emphasis on fertility. Remember that no replacement heifers are being retained.

Statistics

When you see the following displayed below the EPD table in your search results:

Statistics: BW: 72/306, WW: 70/287, YW: 33/116, SC: 6/35, Dgt : 32, Fat: 34, REA: xv, MARB: 3

Hither is what information technology means:

BW: 72/306 -	"72" is the number of herds in which progeny were raised with recorded birth weight measurements.  This includes herd counts from AHA & CHA.  Number of herds gives a general indication of progeny distribution for each of the traits. "306" is the number of progeny out of the animal with recorded measurements for each specific trait.  This includes the progeny counts from AHA & CHA.  Number of progeny should not be used in lieu of accurateness, but simply to further clarify accurateness values.
Dgt : 32 -	The number of daughters sired by the bull which have produced progeny with weaning weight records.  This includes the daughter counts from AHA & CHA.  Number of daughters should non be used in lieu of accuracy, only but to farther clarify Maternal Milk and Maternal Milk & Growth accuracy values.
REA: xv -	The number of scan progeny recorded for each of the carcass traits.

These statistics are calculated at the time of each genetic assay.  Therefore, they will but exist updated when new EPD results are report ed.

How To Read Registered Cattle Papers,

Source: http://www.herfnet.com/Genetics/epd_desc.htm

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